In recent years, the seasons are becoming increasingly pronounced, with a growing impact on ecosystems, society and infrastructure. In the light of these transformations, with an increase in extreme weather events in terms of frequency and intensity, constant monitoring appears crucial. In this scenario, tools such as the E3CI provide an analysis and overview of the climatic health of the ecosystem around us.
Between the end of a climatically relevant spring and the beginning of summer, we find ourselves in a seasonal transition phase: in this regard, a useful insight into the climatic trends of recent months comes from the analysis conducted by the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S).
Surface air temperature
According to the C3S analysis, spring 2025 was the fourth warmest ever recorded in Europe, with an average temperature +1.04°C higher than the 1991-2020 period. The anomalies affected almost the entire continent, with the exception of parts of Spain and eastern Europe. Significant conditions were found in southern Norway, eastern Iceland and the UK, where the warmest and sunniest spring since 1884 was recorded.
Hydrological variables
From a hydrological point of view, spring 2025 showed strong internal contrasts: northern and western Europe experienced drier-than-normal conditions, in contrast to the south and northwestern Russia characterised by a wetter season. In many areas of Europe, the spring drought significantly affected river flows, with values well below average. An opposite situation was recorded in southern Europe, where the Iberian Peninsula experienced extreme wet conditions.
The analysis confirms the importance of tools to interpret and mitigate climate change anomalies. For more information on climate trends for spring 2025, please consult the bulletins released by the Copernicus Climate Change Service.