Understanding climate dynamics is not only crucial for raising awareness of the ongoing changes and the increasing frequency of extreme weather events we face, but also essential for developing more informed strategies for the future.
Tools such as the European Extreme Events Climate Index (E3CI) provide valuable support for climate analysis by enabling the assessment, quantification, and monitoring of extraordinary meteorological events across Europe. Through monthly analyses, the E3CI makes it possible to evaluate the magnitude of specific phenomena, identify emerging trends, and offer scientific evidence to better interpret climate developments.
Autumn 2025: Climate Conditions in Europe
Reviewing a season after its conclusion offers an important opportunity to observe and summarize the main climatic patterns with a broader perspective. These data not only describe the conditions of the recently completed period, but also serve as a key reference for future assessments and decision-making processes.
Between September and November 2025, several notable trends emerged, as also highlighted in the Copernicus ECMWF bulletin:
- Autumn 2025 ranked as the fourth warmest autumn ever recorded in Europe, with temperatures 1.06°C above the 1991–2020 reference average. Above-average temperatures were particularly evident in eastern Europe, with a strong signal over Fennoscandia and Russia. Western and central Europe generally experienced near-average temperatures, with the exception of the Iberian Peninsula.
- Rainfall during the autumn months was above average in central Europe, Ireland, the United Kingdom, much of Scandinavia, western parts of the Iberian Peninsula, and southeastern Spain. Wetter-than-average conditions were also observed in the Balkans and Romania. Conversely, drier conditions affected northern Italy, southern France, the main Mediterranean islands, and large parts of eastern Europe, including Turkey and western Russia.
Thanks to the monthly monitoring carried out through the E3CI Index, it is possible to examine climate conditions in greater detail at the European, Italian, and Emilia-Romagna levels.
September 2025
- Across Europe, 23 countries recorded above-average values for extreme maximum temperatures (with Finland reaching a value of 4.8). Seven countries experienced drought conditions slightly above the reference threshold, while four countries exceeded the threshold for extreme precipitation, including Luxembourg with a value of 6.4.
- In Italy, four regions recorded above-average values for extreme precipitation, including Lazio, which reached 3.7.
October2025
- At the European level, four countries recorded anomalies in extreme minimum temperatures (Slovenia reached 2.3), six countries exceeded the threshold for extreme precipitation (notably Bulgaria with 7.1), and three countries recorded extreme wind events, including Norway with a value of 2.2.
- In Italy, four regions experienced above-average values for extreme wind, with Basilicata standing out at 7.8. Sardinia also recorded exceptional values for wildfire activity, reaching 3.7.
- At a more local scale, October 2025 proved particularly dynamic for Emilia-Romagna. Three provinces recorded above-average values for extreme minimum temperatures, with Ferrara reaching 4.0, while three provinces also exceeded the reference threshold for extreme wind, with Rimini recording a value of 12.6.
- November 202
- In Europe, 21 countries recorded above-average values for extreme maximum temperatures, including Guernsey with a value of 7.0. No country registered anomalies related to extreme minimum temperatures. Five countries exceeded the reference threshold for extreme precipitation, and two countries recorded significant hail events, including Poland with a value of 5.5.
- In Italy and Emilia-Romagna, no particularly significant anomalies were observed, with the exception of Lombardy, Sardinia, and Sicily, which slightly exceeded the reference average for extreme maximum temperatures, with values ranging between 1.2 and 1.5.
Observing and analyzing data is the first step toward understanding climate dynamics and developing effective adaptation and mitigation strategies.
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